现代卷积神经网络(8)-VGG

使用块的网络（VGG）

经典卷积神经网络的基本组成部分是下面的这个序列：

1. 带填充以保持分辨率的卷积层；
2. 非线性激活函数，如ReLU；
3. 汇聚层，如最大汇聚层。

虽然AlexNet证明深层神经网络卓有成效，但它没有提供一个通用的模板来指导后续的研究人员设计新的网络。使用块的想法首先出现在牛津大学的视觉几何组（visual geometry group）的VGG网络中。通过使用循环和子程序，可以很容易地在任何现代深度学习框架的代码中实现这些重复的架构。

导入库，定义VGG块

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l


def vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels):
    layers = []
    for _ in range(num_convs):
        layers.append(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels,
                                kernel_size=3, padding=1))
        layers.append(nn.ReLU())
        in_channels = out_channels
    layers.append(nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2,stride=2))
    return nn.Sequential(*layers)

定义VGG网络

原始VGG网络有5个卷积块，其中前两个块各有一个卷积层，后三个块各包含两个卷积层。 第一个模块有64个输出通道，每个后续模块将输出通道数量翻倍，直到该数字达到512。由于该网络使用8个卷积层和3个全连接层，因此它通常被称为VGG-11。

conv_arch = ((1, 64), (1, 128), (2, 256), (2, 512), (2, 512))

def vgg(conv_arch):
    conv_blks = []
    in_channels = 1
    # 卷积层部分
    for (num_convs, out_channels) in conv_arch:
        conv_blks.append(vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels))
        in_channels = out_channels

    return nn.Sequential(
        *conv_blks, nn.Flatten(),
        # 全连接层部分
        nn.Linear(out_channels * 7 * 7, 4096), nn.ReLU(), nn.Dropout(0.5),
        nn.Linear(4096, 4096), nn.ReLU(), nn.Dropout(0.5),
        nn.Linear(4096, 10))

net = vgg(conv_arch)

"""
X = torch.randn(size=(1, 1, 224, 224))
for blk in net:
    X = blk(X)
    print(blk.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t',X.shape)
"""

载入数据集，图像预处理

def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None):  #@save
    """下载Fashion-MNIST数据集，然后将其加载到内存中"""
    trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
    if resize:
        trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
    trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
    mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
        root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
    mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
        root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
    return (data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
                            num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
            data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
                            num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
    
batch_size = 128
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size=batch_size,resize=224)

定义正确率计算：

class Accumulator:  #@save
    """在n个变量上累加"""
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.data = [0.0] * n

    def add(self, *args):
        self.data = [a + float(b) for a, b in zip(self.data, args)]

    def reset(self):
        self.data = [0.0] * len(self.data)

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        return self.data[idx]
    
def accuracy(y_hat, y):  #@save
    """计算预测正确的数量"""
    if len(y_hat.shape) > 1 and y_hat.shape[1] > 1:
        y_hat = y_hat.argmax(axis=1)
    cmp = y_hat.type(y.dtype) == y
    return float(cmp.type(y.dtype).sum())

def evaluate_accuracy_gpu(net, data_iter, device=None): #@save
    """使用GPU计算模型在数据集上的精度"""
    if isinstance(net, nn.Module):
        net.eval()  # 设置为评估模式
        if not device:
            device = next(iter(net.parameters())).device
    # 正确预测的数量，总预测的数量
    metric = Accumulator(2)
    with torch.no_grad():
        for X, y in data_iter:
            if isinstance(X, list):
                # BERT微调所需的（之后将介绍）
                X = [x.to(device) for x in X]
            else:
                X = X.to(device)
            y = y.to(device)
            metric.add(accuracy(net(X), y), y.numel())
    return metric[0] / metric[1]

图像绘制

class Animator:  #@save
    """在动画中绘制数据"""
    def __init__(self, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, legend=None, xlim=None,
                 ylim=None, xscale='linear', yscale='linear',
                 fmts=('-', 'm--', 'g-.', 'r:'), nrows=1, ncols=1,
                 figsize=(3.5, 2.5)):
        # 增量地绘制多条线
        if legend is None:
            legend = []
        d2l.use_svg_display()
        self.fig, self.axes = d2l.plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
        if nrows * ncols == 1:
            self.axes = [self.axes, ]
        # 使用lambda函数捕获参数
        self.config_axes = lambda: d2l.set_axes(
            self.axes[0], xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend)
        self.X, self.Y, self.fmts = None, None, fmts

    def add(self, x, y):
        # 向图表中添加多个数据点
        if not hasattr(y, "__len__"):
            y = [y]
        n = len(y)
        if not hasattr(x, "__len__"):
            x = [x] * n
        if not self.X:
            self.X = [[] for _ in range(n)]
        if not self.Y:
            self.Y = [[] for _ in range(n)]
        for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(x, y)):
            if a is not None and b is not None:
                self.X[i].append(a)
                self.Y[i].append(b)
        self.axes[0].cla()
        for x, y, fmt in zip(self.X, self.Y, self.fmts):
            self.axes[0].plot(x, y, fmt)
        self.config_axes()
        display.display(self.fig)
        display.clear_output(wait=True)

计时函数

class Timer:  #@save
    """记录多次运行时间"""
    def __init__(self):
        self.times = []
        self.start()

    def start(self):
        """启动计时器"""
        self.tik = time.time() #记录现在的时间

    def stop(self):
        """停止计时器并将时间记录在列表中"""
        self.times.append(time.time() - self.tik)
        return self.times[-1]

    def avg(self):
        """返回平均时间"""
        return sum(self.times) / len(self.times)

    def sum(self):
        """返回时间总和"""
        return sum(self.times)

    def cumsum(self):
        """返回累计时间"""
        return np.array(self.times).cumsum().tolist()

训练模型函数

#@save
def train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, device):
    """用GPU训练模型(在第六章定义)"""
    def init_weights(m):
        if type(m) == nn.Linear or type(m) == nn.Conv2d:
            nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight)
    net.apply(init_weights)
    print('training on', device)
    net.to(device)
    optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
    loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    animator = Animator(xlabel='epoch', xlim=[1, num_epochs],
                            legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'])
    timer, num_batches = Timer(), len(train_iter)
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        # 训练损失之和，训练准确率之和，样本数
        metric = Accumulator(3)
        net.train()
        for i, (X, y) in enumerate(train_iter):
            timer.start()
            optimizer.zero_grad()
            X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
            y_hat = net(X)
            l = loss(y_hat, y)
            l.backward()
            optimizer.step()
            with torch.no_grad():
                metric.add(l * X.shape[0], d2l.accuracy(y_hat, y), X.shape[0])
            timer.stop()
            train_l = metric[0] / metric[2]
            train_acc = metric[1] / metric[2]
            if (i + 1) % (num_batches // 5) == 0 or i == num_batches - 1:
                animator.add(epoch + (i + 1) / num_batches,
                             (train_l, train_acc, None))
        test_acc = evaluate_accuracy_gpu(net, test_iter)
        animator.add(epoch + 1, (None, None, test_acc))
    print(f'loss {train_l:.3f}, train acc {train_acc:.3f}, '
          f'test acc {test_acc:.3f}')
    print(f'{metric[2] * num_epochs / timer.sum():.1f} examples/sec '
          f'on {str(device)}')

def try_gpu(i=0):  #@save
    """如果存在，则返回gpu(i)，否则返回cpu()"""
    if torch.cuda.device_count() >= i + 1:
        return torch.device(f'cuda:{i}')
    return torch.device('cpu')

评估模型

由于VGG-11比AlexNet计算量更大，因此我们构建了一个通道数较少的网络，足够用于训练Fashion-MNIST数据集。

ratio = 4
small_conv_arch = [(pair[0], pair[1] // ratio) for pair in conv_arch]
net = vgg(small_conv_arch)

lr, num_epochs = 0.9, 10
train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, try_gpu())